Comprehensive analysis of global electric vehicle charging infrastructure

Abstract

A dramatic shift is taking place on a worldwide scale as the transportation sector moves away from vehicles fueled by fossil fuels and towards those with zero or ultra-low tailpipe emissions. An information-based network of recharging stations (CSs), along with innovative, decentralized energy producing units, and supportive governmental policies, are necessary for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. This paper examines the global landscape of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, including its evolution, different kinds of charging stations, essential components, policy support, obstacles, and emerging trends. Technology has made Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, wireless charging, and battery switching faster and more efficient. The power source, charging station, charging cable, and connection are all essential parts of the EV charging infrastructure that work together to provide dependable and efficient charging for EV owners. Funding programs, tax incentives, and laws have helped EV adoption, but additional investment, charging connector and protocol standardization, and range limits of some EV models remains a challenge. This paper is an invaluable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals who are interested in gaining a more in-depth understanding of the current state of electric vehicle charging infrastructure as well as the potential and difficulties that lie ahead. © 2025 American Institute of Physics Inc.